A distress-based account makes justice merely instrumental, but Kant's Formula of Humanity forbids treating persons as means, a constraint that holds even when injustice would produce no distress.
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Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was an influential German philosopher who argued that our minds shape how we experience reality, and that we can only truly know things as they appear to us, not as they are in themselves.
Treating persons as means(in ethics)
Using someone only as a tool to achieve your own goals, without respecting them as a person with their own goals and dignity.
constraint(canonical formulations of general relativity and electromagnetism)
A condition encoding the fact that canonical variables cannot be specified independently of one another.
injustice(Locke's demonstration of the moral proposition 'Where there is no property, there is no injustice.')