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    A formal logical apparatus requires rules operating on sy... — Carmelics
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    Supports→A structured taxonomy of inferential grounds constitutes a formal logical apparatus; Hansen and Graham both acknowledge Mohist inference rules operate over propositional structures, not merely semantic resemblances.

    A formal logical apparatus requires rules operating on syntactic/propositional structures; if Mohist inference were purely semantic resemblance, it couldn't account for valid inferences between dissimilar domains.

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    Key Terms

    Dissimilar domains(as used in logic and epistemology)
    Different areas or fields of knowledge that don't seem obviously related to each other, like comparing biology to economics.
    Formal logical apparatus(describing the tools used in logic)
    A structured system of rules and symbols used to test whether arguments are valid and conclusions follow from their starting points.
    Mohist inference(as used in logic and philosophy of ancient China)
    A system of reasoning developed by ancient Chinese philosophers called Mohists that relied on finding similarities between different situations to draw conclusions.
    Semantic resemblance(as used in logic and philosophy of language)
    Judging whether two things are similar based on their meaning or what they represent, rather than on logical rules.

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    Syntactic/propositional structures(as used in logic)
    The way statements are arranged and connected using logical rules, based on their form rather than their meaning—like how 'A and B' has the same logical structure as 'cats and dogs.'
    Valid inferences(as used in logic)
    Conclusions that logically follow from the information you started with—if the starting points are true, the conclusion must be true.

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