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    A realist about properties can straightforwardly extend f... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Quinean criteria of ontological commitment are ontologically biased against realism about properties or universals.

    A realist about properties can straightforwardly extend first-order quantification to include predicate positions, as in '∃P P(x)', thereby securing commitment to universals on purely Quinean grounds.

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    Key Terms

    Commitment (ontological)(as used in metaphysics)
    In philosophy, this means what you're logically forced to agree exists based on your statements and beliefs.
    Predicate positions(as used in logic)
    The part of a sentence that describes what something is or does (like 'is red' in 'the apple is red').
    Quine, Willard Van Orman(as an earlier philosopher whose work relates to Dennett's ideas)
    An influential 20th-century American philosopher who argued that we should only trust what we can observe and measure, and that our knowledge comes entirely from experience rather than innate ideas.
    Quinean grounds(as used in philosophy of language and metaphysics)
    Reasons or justification based on the philosophical ideas of Willard Van Orman Quine, a 20th-century philosopher who had specific views about what we should count as really existing.

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    Realist (about properties)(as used in metaphysics)
    Someone who believes that properties—like redness or hardness—actually exist as real things in the world, not just as ideas in our heads.
    first-order quantification(Cited as a motivation for using reification operators instead of higher-type Montagovian semantics)
    Quantification ranging only over individuals, as opposed to higher-order quantification which ranges over predicates or functions of higher types
    properties(Contrasted with substances as ontologically dependent entities.)
    Entities that depend for their existence on substances, being properties of individual objects.
    universals(Debated in Lefèvre's Disceptatio de universali between two students of Chrysippus's academy)
    Either what particular classes of things share, or what those who reason say they share (decided by convention)
    ∃P P(x)(as used in logic and metaphysics)
    A logical formula meaning 'there exists some property P such that x has that property'—the symbol ∃ means 'there exists' and P(x) means 'x has property P'.

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    Quinean criteria of ontological commitment are ontologically biased against real...

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