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    A world where 'human being' picks out a non-animal natura... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→The inference 'If Socrates is a human being, Socrates is an animal' holds of necessity

    A world where 'human being' picks out a non-animal natural kind (e.g., a Cartesian thinking substance without animality) is conceivable, placing the inference in the category of a posteriori necessity rather than strict logical compulsion.

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    Key Terms

    Animality(given as an example of a form that relates to the particular substance 'animals')
    The essential quality or nature of being an animal—the core features that make something count as an animal rather than a plant or object.
    Cartesian
    # Cartesian "Cartesian" refers to a system of organizing space using perpendicular lines or axes (usually labeled x, y, and z) that intersect at a point called the origin, allowing you to pinpoint any location using numbers called coordinates. The term comes from René Descartes, a 17th-century French philosopher and mathematician who developed this method as a way to bridge geometry and algebra. You use it every day without thinking about it—GPS coordinates, video game graphics, and even spreadsheet cells all rely on this Cartesian coordinate system.
    a posteriori necessity(Proposed interpretation of Aristotle's philosophy of science)
    Necessity discovered through experience rather than derived from pure reason alone
    a priori(Frege treats 'analytic' as entailing 'a priori' for arithmetic.)

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    Knowable independently of empirical experience; here treated as a consequence of analyticity.
    conceivable(The constrained definition of conceivability adopted for the conceivability argument.)
    A is conceivable if and only if not-A cannot be ruled out a priori (i.e., A cannot be known a priori to be false).
    natural kind(Used to argue that schizophrenia fails to qualify because it is a heterogeneous conjunction of distinct pathologies, not a unified entity)
    A category that carves nature at its joints — a real, unified class of phenomena sharing a common underlying nature or pathology
    strict logical compulsion(as used in logic and metaphysics)
    Something that *must* be true because of the rules of logic alone—you couldn't imagine it being any other way without breaking the basic laws of logic.

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    Modality & Possibility1 linkedPhilosophy of Language1 linked

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    The inference 'If Socrates is a human being, Socrates is an animal' holds of nec...

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