Abhidharma scholastic traditions, particularly Vasubandhu's Abhidharmakośa, systematically distinguish saṃjñā as a discrete mental factor (cetasika) from vijñāna as bare discriminative awareness.
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An ancient Indian Buddhist philosopher (around 4th-5th century) who developed sophisticated theories about the mind and reality, particularly the idea that everything we experience might be mental constructs rather than external objects.
saṃjñā(Early Buddhist canonical literature; contrasted with wisdom (prajñā))
Apperception understood as empirical apprehension of phenomena; the awareness that bears upon sensory activity rather than sensory activity itself. Treated in canonical literature as synonymous with vijñāna.
vijñāna(Ramakrishna's post-samadhi state; contrasted with pure samadhi, which dissolves the dual perspective entirely)
A state of intimate knowledge in which one can perceive both the non-dual ground of reality (the 'roof') and the multiplicity of forms and paths leading to it (the 'steps'), recognizing both as made of the same substance