Abraham Robinson's non-standard analysis provides a single coherent framework in which both Leibnizian differentials and nilsquare-like infinitesimals are expressible as distinct elements within one number system.
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A set of mathematical objects (like whole numbers, fractions, or real numbers) that follow consistent rules for how you can add, subtract, multiply, and divide them.
infinitesimals(Peirce's philosophy of mathematics and foundations of calculus)
Quantities that constitute the 'glue' causing points on a continuous line to lose their individual identity, thereby grounding the concept of a true continuum
non-standard analysis(Mathematics, foundations of analysis)
A mathematical theory of infinitely large and infinitesimal numbers that provides an alternate setting for calculus