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Inverse View
It is not the case that An agent's intention partially constitutes the moral character of an act, not merely its causal structure (Anscombe, 'Modern Moral Philosophy', 1958).
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Reasons For
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Reason for
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1.
Intentions are epistemically opaque; we cannot reliably assess others' mental states, making intention-based morality impractical.
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2.
Consequences are objective and verifiable; intentions are subjective claims that agents can rationalize or misrepresent.
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3.
If moral character depends partly on intentions, agents could achieve moral redemption through hidden mental reorientation without restitution.
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Reasons Against
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Reason against
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1.
Acts with identical physical outcomes differ morally: intentional killing vs. accidental killing reveal distinct moral character.
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2.
Moral evaluation requires understanding inner states; external behavior alone cannot capture moral agency or virtue.
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3.
Consequentialist accounts fail to distinguish deliberate cruelty from regrettable harm, missing crucial moral distinctions.
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