- Causal Principle(Used as a foundational premise in deductive cosmological arguments for the existence of God)
- The general metaphysical principle that every event or contingent thing has a cause, which underlies the deductive cosmological argument
- Circular reasoning (implied by the statement)(epistemology (theory of knowledge))
- When you use something as evidence for itself—like trying to prove your senses are reliable by using your senses as proof.
- External objects(what realists believe we can perceive)
- Things that exist outside your mind, independent of whether you're thinking about them—like tables, trees, or other people.
- Subjective experience(as used in philosophy of mind)
- What something feels like from the inside—your personal, conscious awareness of things, including emotions, thoughts, and sensations.
- inference(Nyāya epistemology)
- A component of epistemology in Nyāya philosophy; a veritable inference yields knowledge about the world and must have premises that are themselves known
- matter(Kant's critical epistemology, agreeing with Leibniz on this point)
- Not a thing in itself with mind-independent characteristics, but an appearance — objects as presented to human perception, characterized by shape, contact, and movement.
- sensa(NE §373)
- Percepta given by means of the sense organs of the body, as distinguished from mental states or spiritual data given by introspection