Any non-perceptual, non-dthat grounding for direct reference must still invoke some analogous anchoring relation to the object; absent this, reference becomes indeterminate by Quinean lights.

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Indeterminate(Reichenbach's three-valued quantum logic): The value of propositions that quantum theory implies cannot be assessed to be either true or false
Quinean: "Quinean" refers to ideas associated with Willard Van Orman Quine, an influential American philosopher of the 20th century. Quine argued that our beliefs about the world form an interconnected web where no single belief is completely immune to change, challenging the traditional view that some truths are absolute and unchangeable. He's important because his ideas shaped modern philosophy, particularly how we think about knowledge, meaning, and the relationship between language and reality.
anchoring relation(as used in philosophy of language): A connection or link that ties a word or idea to a real thing in the world, like an anchor holding a boat in place.
direct reference(Distinguished from thought by description; scope is disputed across views): A mode of thought or language in which an agent refers to an individual without the mediation of a descriptive condition; the individual itself is a constituent of the singular proposition.

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