Aristotelian metaphysics distinguishes the primary substance (the concrete individual) from the secondary substance (the universal nature), treating the individual as ontologically basic.

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Aristotle / Aristotelian(as the original developer of the theory described): Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher (384-322 BCE) who studied how we learn and understand the world through observing nature and specific examples rather than pure reasoning alone.
Universal nature(as contrasted with individual things): A characteristic or property that many individual things share, like 'redness' (which applies to apples, fire trucks, and roses) or 'humanity' (which applies to all people).
metaphysics(Hartshorne's naturalistic redefinition of metaphysics): On Hartshorne's view, the study not of realities beyond the physical, but of features of reality that are ubiquitous or that would exist in any possible world.
ontologically basic(in metaphysics and philosophy of color): Something that exists as a fundamental, irreducible part of reality—not made up of or dependent on anything simpler.

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