- Aristotle
- Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher who lived over 2,000 years ago and is one of the most influential thinkers in Western history. He studied nearly every subject—from animals and plants to politics and ethics—and developed practical ways of thinking that shaped how people understand the world. His ideas on logic, nature, and how to live a good life are still taught and debated today because he focused on observing the real world rather than just abstract theories.
- Calm composure(as the observable result of virtuous restraint)
- A state of being peaceful, collected, and emotionally steady rather than being rushed, anxious, or reactive.
- Measured restraint(as a key characteristic of virtue)
- The act of holding back or limiting yourself in a careful, balanced way rather than going to extremes in either direction.
- NE IV(as a citation to a specific part of Aristotle's writing)
- A shorthand reference to Book IV of Aristotle's work called the 'Nicomachean Ethics,' which is his main book about virtue and how to be a good person.
- Phenomenologically(as a method of studying experience)
- Describing things based on how they actually appear or feel in direct human experience, rather than analyzing what might be happening behind the scenes.
- knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
- Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.
- virtue(Valla's voluntarist account of virtue)
- A quality that resides in the will, governing actions to which moral qualifications are assigned.