Aristotle's hylomorphism holds that a substance just is the composite of its form and matter, so Socrates's humanity (his form) is not a distinct thing he has but what he fundamentally is.
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form(Descartes retains scholastic terminology despite breaking with scholastic metaphysics)
Used in the original scholastic non-geometric sense — atemporal and aspatial; not a spatial or geometric property
hylomorphism(The position Valla attacks as demoting the soul's dignity)
The Aristotelian account of the soul as a form-matter composite, implying that the soul comes at the end of a chain of transmission from outer objects to a receptive tabula rasa.
matter(Kant's critical epistemology, agreeing with Leibniz on this point)
Not a thing in itself with mind-independent characteristics, but an appearance — objects as presented to human perception, characterized by shape, contact, and movement.
substance(Spinoza's metaphysics; criteria include (i) necessity and (ii) self-subsistence)
The fundamental existent that is wholly necessary and self-subsistent, not depending on anything else for its existence