Aristotle's Posterior Analytics grounds scientific knowledge (episteme) in the necessity of its object; contingent, destructible particulars cannot anchor demonstrative knowledge even while they exist.
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Necessity (of its object)(what grounds real knowledge according to Aristotle)
The quality of something that *must* be true or must exist the way it is—the opposite of something that could be different or could fail to exist.
Posterior Analytics
"Posterior Analytics" is a work by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle about how we gain knowledge through logical reasoning and proof. In it, Aristotle explains how we can be certain about facts by building arguments from basic truths we already accept, similar to how a math proof starts with simple facts and builds up to more complex ones. The book became foundational to Western thinking about how science and knowledge work.
anchor(Philosophy of religion; defining 'religion' via polythetic classification)
A stipulated necessary property that a concept must possess in order to be considered a member of the category (e.g., religion), while not being sufficient on its own for category membership
contingent(De Interpretatione 12–13)
Equated with 'possible'; on the two-sided interpretation, contingency excludes necessity (possibility implies non-necessity).
knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.