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    Armstrong's sparse theory of universals permits only thos... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Only maximal determinables exist; non-maximal determinables do not exist.

    Armstrong's sparse theory of universals permits only those universals that do genuine causal-explanatory work, and non-maximal determinables like 'mass' figure irreducibly in Newton's second law.

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    Key Terms

    Armstrong
    # Armstrong Armstrong most commonly refers to **Neil Armstrong** (1930-2012), an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who became the first human to walk on the Moon on July 20, 1969. He is remembered as a pioneering explorer whose famous words—"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind"—marked humanity's first footsteps on another celestial body. Armstrong's achievement remains one of the most significant moments in human history and symbolizes the height of space exploration and scientific achievement.
    Causal-explanatory work(what makes a property real enough to exist, according to Armstrong)
    When something actually helps explain why events happen or causes things to occur in the physical world.
    Irreducibly(describing how 'mass' appears in Newton's second law)
    In a way that cannot be broken down into simpler parts; something that has to remain as is.
    Newton's second law(a scientific law used as an example of where 'mass' appears as essential)

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    A fundamental physics equation (F = ma) that describes how force, mass, and acceleration relate to each other.
    Non-maximal determinables(the type of properties Armstrong thinks still deserve to exist)
    General properties that aren't at the most specific level of detail (like 'mass' is non-maximal because it doesn't specify an exact amount—it's broader than a specific mass value).
    Sparse theory of universals(Armstrong's main contribution to philosophy)
    A philosophical view that says only the most fundamental, necessary properties actually exist in reality—not every possible property we can think of.
    determinables(Philosophy of properties and universals)
    General properties (e.g., redness, color) that are instantiated by more specific determinate properties (e.g., scarlet, crimson); their mind-independent reality is disputed by anti-realists
    universals(Debated in Lefèvre's Disceptatio de universali between two students of Chrysippus's academy)
    Either what particular classes of things share, or what those who reason say they share (decided by convention)

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    Only maximal determinables exist; non-maximal determinables do not exist.

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