Backward causation requires only counterfactual dependence running from later to earlier events, a condition Price and Dowe analyze without presupposing any persisting physical medium.

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Persisting physical medium(what Price and Dowe's analysis doesn't require to explain backward causation): A continuous physical thing (like a wave, field, or substance) that stays present over time and could carry influence from one moment to another.
Price and Dowe(as referenced philosophers whose work is being discussed): Two philosophers (Huw Price and Dominic Dowe) who developed a specific theory about what makes something a cause of something else.
backward causation(Discussed as something free will considerations might argue against): Causation in which a later event causes an earlier event, running opposite to the normal temporal direction
counterfactual dependence(Lewis's 1973 analysis of causation): Event B is counterfactually dependent on event A if and only if the counterfactual 'Had A not occurred, B would not have occurred' is true

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