Because parity is a genuine fourth value relation, an agent's will-based resolution of a choice between parity-related options is not arbitrary but tracks a real evaluative structure that Raz's framework systematically ignores.
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The party in a principal-agent relationship who is instructed to produce the good or service on the principal's behalf — in the medical context, the doctor
arbitrary(Debate over Locke's watch passage and natural kind classification)
Does not mean 'random' or that all qualities are equally adequate as differentia; refers instead to the availability of multiple similarly good and natural grounds for classification.
parity(Proposed by Chang as an alternative to incomparabilism)
A fourth value relation between two options A and B such that A and B are comparable but none of the three standard ordering relations (greater than, less than, equal to) holds between them