Bernard Williams and externalist critics argue that moral obligations must be grounded in reasons that are accessible from an agent-neutral standpoint, not merely in the agent's own sincere deliberative commitments.

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Agent-neutral standpoint(as a requirement for moral reasoning): A perspective that isn't about any one person's individual interests; a viewpoint that applies equally to everyone, not just to you.
Bernard Williams(as a defender of Humean philosophy): A late 20th-century British philosopher who wrote influential works on ethics, questioning whether morality can be truly objective and exploring the role of personal projects and desires in a good life.
Deliberative commitments(as an alternative source of moral reasons that externalists reject): The values, goals, and priorities that you personally decide matter to you after thinking them through carefully.
Externalist critics(as an opposing view in debates about morality): Philosophers who believe that moral reasons and obligations must come from sources outside a person's own mind—like objective facts about the world—rather than just from what someone personally cares about.

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