Bernard Williams showed that agent-relative reasons (integrity, personal projects) are not reducible to impartial consequentialist or Kantian frameworks without alienating agents from their own commitments.

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Alienating(as ethics): Making someone feel separated, disconnected, or estranged from something that matters to them—like a rule that makes you act against your own values.
Bernard Williams(as a defender of Humean philosophy): A late 20th-century British philosopher who wrote influential works on ethics, questioning whether morality can be truly objective and exploring the role of personal projects and desires in a good life.
Commitments(as part of your mental states to review): Things you've decided to believe in or stand by—like moral principles or goals you're dedicated to.
Kantian frameworks(as ethics): A moral approach based on philosopher Immanuel Kant's ideas, which says actions are right if they follow universal rules (like 'don't lie') that could apply to everyone, regardless of the outcomes.

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Reducible(as used in metaphysics and philosophy of mind)

Able to be broken down or explained in terms of something simpler or more basic; for example, saying 'water' is reducible to hydrogen and oxygen.

agent-relative reasons(Both patient-centered and agent-centered deontologies are argued to generate agent-relative reasons.)

Reasons for action that are indexed to a particular agent and do not reduce to impersonal reasons about overall states of affairs.

consequentialist(Shared position of Russell and Moore)

One who believes that the rightness or otherwise of an act is in some way dependent on consequences.

impartial(as a requirement for moral actions)

Treating everyone fairly without favoring some people over others; not biased toward particular individuals or groups.

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