Bertrand Russell's distinction between knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description entails that causal inference yields only propositional description, not genuine object-knowledge.

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Bertrand Russell: Bertrand Russell was a British philosopher, logician, and social activist (1872-1970) who became famous for trying to show that mathematics could be built from pure logic, and for his clear, witty writing that made complex ideas accessible to everyday readers. He also became a public intellectual who spoke out on major issues like nuclear weapons, religion, and social justice, earning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950. Today, he's remembered as one of the most important thinkers of the 20th century who believed philosophy should tackle real-world problems, not just abstract puzzles.
Object-knowledge(as genuine knowledge that causal inference supposedly cannot provide): Direct, immediate knowledge of a thing itself, rather than just facts or descriptions about it—knowing the object through direct acquaintance rather than through information.
Propositional description(as what causal inference produces): A statement or claim about something—basically, putting what you know into words or sentences that can be true or false.
causal inference

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