Bolzano's 'truths in itself' therefore posit a spurious third realm that conflates the logical grammar of truth-talk with a substantive metaphysicalclaim about mind-independent entities.
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Spurious(describing false conclusions that result from confusing entailment and presupposition)
Fake, false, or not genuine; seeming real or valid but actually mistaken.
mind-independent entities(as used in metaphysics and epistemology)
Things that exist and have properties whether or not anyone is thinking about them, like rocks, trees, or planets—they don't need a mind to observe them in order to be real.
third realm(what Bolzano's theory is accused of positing)
A supposed separate dimension or level of reality, beyond the physical world and our thoughts, where abstract things like numbers or truths might exist.
truth-talk(as used in philosophy of language)
The act of using language to speak about what is true or false, rather than just describing facts directly.
truths in itself(Bolzano's central claim being criticized)
The idea that certain truths exist on their own, separate from any person's mind or thoughts about them—like saying 'math is true' whether or not humans exist to think about math.