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    Inverse View

    It is not the case that Boorse's biostatistical theory, the most rigorous attempt to naturalize this baseline, has been shown by Daniels and others to smuggle in covert normative judgments about species-typical functioning.

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    Reasons For

    1 perspective
    Reason for
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    • 1.Boorse explicitly separates descriptive function from normative evaluation; the theory allows dysfunction without implying disease is bad.
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    • 2.All accounts of health—normative or naturalistic—must reference some baseline; calling this 'covert' assumes a false objectivity standard.
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    • 3.Species-typical functioning is empirically measurable without normative smuggling; identifying deviation requires no value judgment itself.
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    Reasons Against

    1 perspective
    Reason against
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    • 1.Boorse defines health via statistical typicality, but typicality itself reflects prior social choices about what counts as normal.
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    • 2.Daniels showed that even 'species-typical' functioning presupposes contestable judgments about which traits matter for human flourishing.
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    • 3.Biostatistical theory cannot distinguish between statistical frequency and normative desirability without importing external values.
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