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    Boscovich's force-centered solution lacks explanatory clo... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→Boscovich's theory of point-particles demonstrates that a coherent atomism need not invoke extended atoms, thereby evading the divisibility regress entirely.

    Boscovich's force-centered solution lacks explanatory closure: appealing to primitive forces between non-entities seems less parsimonious than extended atoms with intrinsic properties.

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    Key Terms

    Boscovich(as a historical figure in physics and philosophy)
    An 18th-century scientist and philosopher (Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich) who proposed that all matter is made of point-like particles with no size, held together only by forces between them—basically the opposite of atoms with physical volume.
    Explanatory closure(philosophy of science/epistemology)
    The idea that a theory fully explains what it claims to explain without leaving unsolved problems or contradictions.
    Extended atoms(as a contrasting view to Boscovich's theory about what atoms are like)
    Atoms that have actual size and take up space (as opposed to Boscovich's point-particles, which are infinitely small).
    Force-centered solution(as a theoretical approach to understanding matter)
    An explanation of how matter works that puts all the emphasis on invisible forces pushing and pulling between particles, rather than on the solid stuff of the particles themselves.

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    Non-entities(as philosophical language for describing things that lack full existence or substance)
    Things that don't really exist as substantial objects—in Boscovich's theory, point-particles that have no size or volume, so they're almost like nothing.
    Parsimonious(as used in philosophy of science and logic)
    Simple and avoiding unnecessary complexity; preferring the explanation that requires the fewest assumptions or extra moving parts.
    Primitive forces(as a concept in physics and philosophy of science)
    Forces that are treated as basic, fundamental, and unexplainable—you just accept they exist rather than explaining *why* they work.
    intrinsic properties(Contrasted with structural properties revealed by physics)
    Properties which supposedly underlie and account for the structural properties of things.

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