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    Both deontology and non-Western ethics justify themselves... — Carmelics
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    Supports→The criterion of 'frequency' misunderstands how foundational moral frameworks function—Western deontology also derives from sparse originary sources like the categorical imperative.

    Both deontology and non-Western ethics justify themselves through originary principles (duty, harmony, virtue) rather than consensus, making frequency an inappropriate criterion for either.

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    Key Terms

    Non-Western ethics(ethics/cultural philosophy)
    Philosophical ideas about right and wrong that come from cultures and traditions outside Europe and North America—like African, Asian, or Indigenous ethical systems.
    Originary principles(as the basis for justifying ethical theories)
    Foundational ideas or starting points that a whole system of ethics is built on—the core beliefs that justify everything else in that system.
    consensus(Zollman's network models and Solomon's social empiricism)
    The condition in which all members of a community assign the same truth value (T/F) to a hypothesis or theory
    criterion(as used in philosophy to describe a test for whether an idea works)
    A standard or rule used to decide whether something counts as true or valid.
    deontology

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    (Used to characterize the view that general moral texts serve as the basis for rational action)
    A moral theory holding that it is rational to conform one's behavior and choices to certain general texts or rules
    duty(The author argues 'duty' carries a different sense than 'expediency' even under a consequentialist theory.)
    What one is morally obligated to do; distinct in meaning from expediency though potentially co-extensive with it.
    harmony(Confucian conception)
    A continuous process of adjusting to inevitable differences even among reasonable individuals.
    virtue(Valla's voluntarist account of virtue)
    A quality that resides in the will, governing actions to which moral qualifications are assigned.

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    The criterion of 'frequency' misunderstands how foundational moral frameworks fu...

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