Both Zhu Xi and modern systems approaches treat wholes as irreducible to parts alone, requiring analysis of interdependencies—a structural parallel in methodology across centuries.

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Interdependencies(as what must be analyzed in systems thinking): The ways that different parts rely on and affect each other; how changing one thing causes changes in other things.
Irreducible to parts alone(as a key philosophical principle): The idea that you can't fully understand something just by breaking it down and studying its individual pieces—the way the pieces work together matters too.
Structural parallel in methodology(as the comparison being made between Zhu Xi and modern approaches): A similarity in *how* two different approaches solve problems, even though they developed in different time periods or cultures—like using the same strategy but in different contexts.
Systems approaches(as a contemporary methodology contrasted with older philosophy): A modern way of studying something by looking at how all its different parts connect and affect each other, rather than just examining each part separately.

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