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    Buridan's own examples of non-substitutionally-valid cons... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→The substitutional criterion for validity is not the only criterion by which arguments/consequences can be valid.

    Buridan's own examples of non-substitutionally-valid consequences, such as 'A man runs, therefore an animal runs', are reducible to enthymemes with suppressed logical or metaphysical premises.

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    Key Terms

    Buridan
    # Buridan Jean Buridan was a medieval French philosopher (1300-1358) best known for the paradox "Buridan's Ass," which illustrates the problem of making choices when faced with equally attractive options. The paradox imagines a donkey standing between two identical piles of hay—unable to decide which to eat, it starves to death. This thought experiment explores how we make decisions when logic alone can't break a tie, and it remains relevant to modern discussions about free will and decision-making.
    Logical premise(types of hidden assumptions in arguments)
    A starting statement or assumption in an argument that's based on the rules of reasoning itself (like the law of non-contradiction: something can't both be and not be at the same time).
    Metaphysical premise(types of hidden assumptions in arguments)
    A starting statement or assumption about the fundamental nature of reality—like what kinds of things exist or how they're related. For the statement 'a man runs, therefore an animal runs,' the metaphysical premise would be 'humans are animals.'
    Non-substitutionally-valid

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    (describes types of logical arguments)
    An argument form where you can't swap out words for other words without breaking the logic. For example, 'A man runs, therefore an animal runs' only works because 'man' specifically means a type of animal—you couldn't replace 'animal' with just any other word and keep it true.
    Suppressed(as used in psychology and philosophy of action)
    Pushed down or kept from coming to the surface of your conscious mind, even though it's still there.
    consequence(Buridan's medieval logic)
    A logical relation with necessary truth-preservation (TP) as its fundamental component
    enthymeme(Used to describe Xia Ge's argument, which relies on an unstated law about the permanence of existence across time.)
    An argument in which one or more premises are left implicit (hidden), requiring the audience to supply the unstated assumption.

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