In cases where a hypothesis is deductively related to an outcome \(e\) of an observational or experimental condition \(c\) (via background and auxiliaries \(b\)), we will have either \(h_i\cdot b\cdot c \vDash e\) or \(h_i\cdot b\cdot c \vDash{\nsim}e\). For example, \(h_i\) might be the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation. A test of the theory might involve a condition statement \(c\) that describes the results of some earlier measurements of Jupiter’s position, and that describes the means by whic