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    Categorical desires are not merely contingent preferences... — Carmelics
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    Supports→It is not possible to make eternal life desirable by varying one's categorical desires over time.

    Categorical desires are not merely contingent preferences but constitutive of the evaluative standpoint from which any life is judged worthwhile (Frankfurt, 'Freedom of the Will').

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    Key Terms

    Categorical desires(Williams's key concept about what makes life worth living)
    Desires that give your life direction and meaning—things you care about for their own sake, not just as a way to pass time (like wanting to learn, create, or help others).
    Evaluative standpoint(as used in ethics and philosophy of value)
    The perspective or framework you use to judge what's good, bad, worth doing, or worth living for.
    Harry Frankfurt(as a modern philosopher referenced in debates about God's power)
    A 20th-century American philosopher who wrote about the nature of God's omnipotence and whether an all-powerful being can be limited by its own nature.
    constitutive(an alternative type of relationship the grounding relation might be)
    Describes how something is made up of or formed from basic components that define its essential nature.

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    contingent(De Interpretatione 12–13)
    Equated with 'possible'; on the two-sided interpretation, contingency excludes necessity (possibility implies non-necessity).
    freedom of the will(William's definition in OO I, 957aA)
    The condition in which the will can neither be forced to its proper first operation of willing or refusing, nor prevented from it.

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