Spinoza’s modal transfer principle appeals to the relation of following-from. To a contemporary reader, this might sound like a relation of logical entailment, but Spinoza clearly understands it to be some kind of causal relation (e.g., Ip16c, Ip28d). This means that Spinoza’s following-from relation shares the features of his causal relations, including the fact that causal relations involve necessary connections between relata (Iax3). That is, if y follows from x, then y necessarily follows fr