Classical theists from Aquinas to Leibniz argue that goodness must be grounded in a being whose essence just is goodness, not in contingent relational events that merely instantiate it.

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Aquinas: Thomas Aquinas was a medieval Italian priest and philosopher (1225-1274) who became one of the most influential thinkers in Western history. He attempted to show that Christian faith and human reason are compatible, arguing that we can use logic and observation to understand God and the natural world. His ideas deeply shaped Catholic theology and continue to influence how religious and secular institutions think about ethics, knowledge, and the relationship between science and belief.
Leibniz: Leibniz is a German philosopher and mathematician from the 1600s-1700s who developed calculus (a powerful math tool for measuring change and areas) independently around the same time as Isaac Newton. He's famous for creating much of the notation we still use in mathematics today and for arguing that everything in the universe follows logical principles. His ideas profoundly influenced modern science, mathematics, and philosophy, making him one of history's most important thinkers.
classical theism(Contrasted with process theism in the debate over human freedom): The theological view, represented by Aquinas, that God's will is perfectly efficacious and that divine sovereignty is compatible with human freedom through dual sufficient causation

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