express the same proposition on this view. Many have found this result incredible, since it would appear that the one sentence could be informative and the other not. Salmon and Soames also hold that ‘believes’ expresses a relation between individuals and propositions, so that ‘Scott believes that Mark Twain is Samuel Clemens’ expresses a proposition to the effect Scott stands in the believes relation to the proposition expressed by ‘Mark Twain is Samuel Clemens’. But then it follows that ‘Scott