- Algorithmic results(the type of result at the higher level of analysis)
- Conclusions that come from following a step-by-step procedure or set of rules, like the output you get from a computer program.
- Category error(as used in logic and philosophy of language)
- A logical mistake where you apply a rule or concept to something it doesn't actually fit, like using a math formula on a poem.
- Conflating
- Conflating means mixing together or treating two different things as if they were the same thing, when they're actually distinct. It's a logical error where someone blurs important differences between concepts, ideas, or situations to make an argument seem stronger than it is. For example, conflating "being critical of a policy" with "being disloyal to your country" wrongly equates two separate things.
- Demonstrative necessity(the second type of claim being confused in the statement)
- Something that absolutely must be true because it can be proven or shown to be true through reason alone, without needing to check it in the real world.
- Humean
- "Humean" refers to ideas based on the philosophy of David Hume, an 18th-century Scottish philosopher who argued that our knowledge comes from what we directly experience through our senses, not from abstract reasoning alone. A key Humean idea is that we cannot truly prove that cause and effect exist in the world—we only observe that one thing regularly follows another, and our minds make the connection. Hume's skeptical approach to knowledge and causation has influenced centuries of philosophical debate about how we understand reality.
- Mathematical universality claims(one type of claim being confused with another)
- Statements in math that say something is true for all cases without exception, like 'all triangles have three sides.'
- Meta-level(as used in logic and philosophy of language)
- A higher level of thinking where you analyze or talk about something itself, rather than using it directly—like discussing grammar rules rather than just speaking.
- epistemic justification(Cresto's framing of the justification condition she argues is not always necessary)
- A condition for knowledge that can be understood either in internalist or externalist terms
- object-level(Carlson's distinction among verb arguments in the semantics of generics)
- A classification of verb arguments referring to ordinary individual objects, as distinguished from kind-level arguments which refer to kinds or types.