Decades of failed attempts to specify conditions that convert belief into knowledge indicate that knowledge and belief may be categorically rather than conditionally distinct mental states.
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(Contrasted with purely descriptive scientific inquiry)
A normative enterprise that tells us how we ought to reason from evidence and how we ought to justify our beliefs, as distinct from merely describing how we do reason or justify beliefs
knowledge(Distinguished from mere true belief, which may be the product of indoctrination and need not exercise deliberative capacities.)
Justified true belief — true belief that has been arrived at through the exercise of deliberative capacities, including comparison of and deliberation among alternatives.
mental states(Herder's theory of mind)
Conditions consisting in forces that manifest themselves in people's bodily behavior, conceptually tied to corresponding types of bodily behavior but not reducible thereto
necessary and sufficient conditions(in philosophical analysis)
A 'necessary' condition is something that must be true for something else to happen; a 'sufficient' condition is something that guarantees it will happen. This phrase describes what must be true (and what's enough) for a definition to apply.