Descartes' method of doubt establishes that certainty requires a belief be unassailable from within the epistemic perspective of the subject, not merely protected by external forces.

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Certainty(Rosmini, NE, vol. 3, 1044): A firm and reasonable persuasion that conforms to the truth; a characteristic of the person who knows
Descartes: # Descartes René Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician from the 1600s who fundamentally changed how people think about knowledge and the mind. He's famous for the idea "I think, therefore I am" (cogito ergo sum), which means that the very fact that you can think proves you exist—a foundation for modern philosophy. He also invented the coordinate system used in mathematics (the x and y axes on a graph), which connects geometry and algebra in practical ways we still use today.
Epistemic: "Epistemic" relates to knowledge—how we know things, what counts as knowledge, and whether we can trust what we believe to be true. It comes from the Greek word for knowledge and is used to describe questions about the reliability and validity of our beliefs and understanding. For example, "epistemic humility" means acknowledging the limits of what you can actually know for certain.
External forces(as what determinists believe can trigger neural states)

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