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Inverse View
It is not the case that Disease concepts are inherently normative: they presuppose standards of proper function that biology alone cannot supply without value-laden criteria.
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Reasons For
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Reason for
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1.
Biological dysfunction (failed homeostasis, tissue damage, pathogen presence) is objectively measurable independent of cultural values.
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2.
Disease concepts track natural categories; conflating descriptive disagreement with value-ladenness confuses epistemology with ontology.
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3.
Even if normativity enters clinical practice, pure biological criteria exist—values matter only for treatment decisions, not disease identification.
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Reasons Against
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Reason against
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1.
Identical biological states are classified as disease or health differently across cultures, showing normativity shapes disease concepts.
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2.
Determining 'proper function' requires selecting which capacities matter—a choice biology describes but cannot justify alone.
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3.
Evolutionary fitness doesn't define disease: infertile humans aren't diseased, but fertile ones with suffering conditions are.
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