Disparate impact requirements, as Dworkin would analyze them, derive justification from collective welfare calculations, not from any pre-legal duty owed by employers to specific individuals.

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Collective welfare calculations(ethics and policy): A method of decision-making that tries to maximize the total happiness or well-being of a group, even if it means some individuals suffer—like choosing a policy because it helps more people overall.
Disparate impact(legal and employment ethics): When a rule or policy appears neutral on the surface but actually harms one group of people more than another—for example, a hiring requirement that isn't explicitly discriminatory but ends up excluding most applicants from a particular race.
Dworkin(as the philosopher whose theory is being discussed): Ronald Dworkin was an influential American legal philosopher who argued that law isn't just a set of arbitrary rules, but should be understood through moral principles.
Pre-legal duty(legal and moral philosophy): An obligation or responsibility that exists before any law is written—something you owe to someone based on morality or basic fairness, regardless of what the legal system says.

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