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    Distinguishing 'propositional structures' from 'semantic ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→A structured taxonomy of inferential grounds constitutes a formal logical apparatus; Hansen and Graham both acknowledge Mohist inference rules operate over propositional structures, not merely semantic resemblances.

    Distinguishing 'propositional structures' from 'semantic resemblances' requires criteria the Mohist texts may not explicitly endorse, risking projection of modern logical categories onto pre-modern thought.

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    Key Terms

    Modern logical categories(in logic and history of philosophy)
    The formal systems and frameworks for analyzing arguments and truth that philosophers and logicians use today, developed mainly in the last 150 years.
    Mohist texts(in history of philosophy)
    Ancient Chinese philosophical writings from the Mohist school (founded by Mozi around 470 BCE), which emphasized universal love and rigorous argumentation.
    Pre-modern thought(in history of philosophy)
    Philosophical and intellectual traditions that existed before the Modern period (generally before the 1600s), including ancient Chinese, Greek, and medieval philosophy.
    Projection (in philosophy)(in methodology and philosophy of interpretation)
    Assuming that modern concepts or ways of thinking apply to older or different cultures without evidence they actually used them that way.

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    Propositional structures(what Mohist rules actually operate on, as opposed to just word similarities)
    Statements or claims that can be true or false, and how they connect to and relate to each other logically.
    Semantic resemblances(contrasted with real logical reasoning—the statement argues Mohists avoided this trick)
    Similarities in meaning or word choice that might make arguments *sound* good even if they're not logically valid.

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    A structured taxonomy of inferential grounds constitutes a formal logical appara...

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