Dostoevsky's argument, formalized by Ivan Karamazov, holds that the suffering of innocents who lack the cognitive or moral capacity for soul-making is unredeemable by any future good.

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Dostoevsky(as the author being referenced): A 19th-century Russian novelist who explored deep psychological and philosophical questions about suffering, faith, and human freedom through his characters.
Formalized(as describing how scope fallacies have been studied in logic): Written out using a strict, systematic method (usually with symbols or mathematical notation) so it can be studied precisely.
Ivan Karamazov(as a literary example of radical self-definition): A character from Dostoevsky's novel who struggles with faith and morality, famously arguing that without God, everything is permitted—representing someone who rejects traditional sources of meaning.
Soul-making(one of the goods Hick argues requires evil to exist): The spiritual and moral development that happens when people face challenges and make difficult choices; becoming a better person through struggle.

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