Dostoevsky's Ivan Karamazov argument establishes that even if soul-making produces net moral benefit, the suffering of a single innocent child cannot be morally justified by any aggregate developmental outcome, exposing a fundamental unit-of-analysis failure in Hick's theodicy.
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When the total amount of good produced by something outweighs the total amount of harm or bad it causes.
Soul-making(one of the goods Hick argues requires evil to exist)
The spiritual and moral development that happens when people face challenges and make difficult choices; becoming a better person through struggle.
Unit-of-analysis failure(as used in ethics and logic)
A problem where an argument treats a large group or total outcome as acceptable without properly considering the harm to individual people within that group.
aggregate(Avicenna's argument for a necessary existent)
The totality of all currently existing contingent individual things, each of whose existence is accounted for by its causal antecedents.
theodicy(Central concern of Plutarch's era)
The philosophical problem of reconciling the existence of evil and unpunished wrongdoing with the existence and goodness of divine providence.