Duhem's instrumentalist tradition holds that experimental data are theory-neutral pointer readings or clock intervals, with theoretical significance attached only post-hoc during interpretation.

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Duhem(as a historical figure): Pierre Duhem was a French physicist and philosopher of science (1861-1916) who argued that scientific theories are just useful tools for organizing observations, not necessarily true descriptions of reality.
Pointer readings(as examples of basic experimental observations): The specific numbers or positions you read from an instrument's dial or display—like seeing the needle on a thermometer point to 98 degrees.
Post-hoc(describing when theoretical meaning gets attached to data): Latin phrase meaning 'after the fact'—when you add meaning or explanation to something only after it has already happened.
Theory-neutral(describing how data is often assumed to be objective): Independent from any particular theory; not favoring or assuming any specific explanation or framework.

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