Dupré's promiscuous realism shows that natural kind boundaries are interest-relative, undermining the claim that H2O picks out a uniquely privileged essential structure rather than one useful scientific classification among many.

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Dupré(as the originator of promiscuous realism): John Dupré is a philosopher of science who argued that our categories for organizing nature (like species or chemical elements) aren't discovered in nature itself—they're created based on what's useful for different purposes.
Essential structure(as what some philosophers think defines a natural kind): The fundamental, unchanging properties that make something what it is—for example, the claim that water's essential structure is having two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H2O).
H2O(as an example of a scientific classification): The chemical formula for water, showing it's made of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom.
Interest-relative(describing how natural kind boundaries work according to Dupré): Depending on what humans care about or find useful rather than on objective facts about the world.
natural kind(Used to argue that schizophrenia fails to qualify because it is a heterogeneous conjunction of distinct pathologies, not a unified entity): A category that carves nature at its joints — a real, unified class of phenomena sharing a common underlying nature or pathology
promiscuous realism(Dupré 1996): The view that as knowledge grows and practical interests shift, classifications can multiply and even cross-classify the same kinds, and this is acceptable so long as the kinds do the predictive or explanatory work intended for them in the context intended

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