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    Epistemic indeterminacy about where items fall on a singl... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→There exists a genuine fourth value relation — 'on a par' — distinct from 'better than', 'worse than', and 'equally good'.

    Epistemic indeterminacy about where items fall on a single value scale fully explains our inability to rank them, rendering 'on a par' an unnecessary ontological posit rather than a genuine evaluative category.

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    Key Terms

    Epistemic indeterminacy(If quantum indeterminacy is only epistemic, it leaves the Causal Principle intact)
    Indeterminacy that reflects limits of human knowledge or measurement, rather than a genuine feature of reality
    Evaluative category(contrasted with a mere assumption or useful fiction)
    A genuine type or kind of value judgment—a real way things can be compared and assessed.
    Ontological posit(ontology is the study of what exists; a 'posit' is something we assume is real)
    Something we claim exists or is real as part of our fundamental understanding of the world, usually assumed without proof.
    Ontology(Carnap argues this enterprise is based on a mistake)
    The philosophical discipline that tries to answer hard questions about what there really is.
    Rank

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    (used when comparing items against each other)
    To arrange things in order from best to worst (or vice versa) based on some measure.
    Value scale(used in ethics and decision-making)
    A way of measuring and ranking things from worst to best (or least to most valuable) on a single dimension—like a ruler that measures goodness.
    epistemology(Contrasted with purely descriptive scientific inquiry)
    A normative enterprise that tells us how we ought to reason from evidence and how we ought to justify our beliefs, as distinct from merely describing how we do reason or justify beliefs
    on a par(Chang's terminology for the parity relation)
    The relational status of two options A and B when parity holds: they are comparable but not ordered by the standard three relations

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    Modality & Possibility1 linkedAesthetics1 linked

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    There exists a genuine fourth value relation — 'on a par' — distinct from 'bette...

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