Expression theories wrongly treat art-making as analogous to instinctive animal behavior, such as a bowerbird constructing bowers without deliberate planning.

George Dickie (2001) said that Dewey sets forth an expression theory of art without any supporting argument. Lumping Dewey with Collingwood, he thought such theorists place art in the same domain with the growl of a dog with a bone. They made the creation of art like the bowerbird’s production of bowers, i.e., a result of innate natures without a plan in mind. For Dickie, expression of emotion is neither sufficient nor necessary for defining art. He thought these theories wrongly hold that psych