Faden and Beauchamp's autonomy framework distinguishes degrees of substantial autonomy, showing that honoring self-determination does not require treating it as an on/off property.

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Autonomy framework(as the main concept being discussed): A structured way of thinking about what it means to respect someone's right to make their own decisions.
Degrees of substantial autonomy(as a core philosophical claim): The idea that autonomy comes in different levels or amounts—you can have more or less of it, rather than simply having it or not having it.
Faden and Beauchamp(as cited authorities on autonomy and informed consent): Two bioethicists (medical ethics researchers) who developed an influential framework for thinking about how to respect people's choices, especially in medical and research settings.
On/off property(as a contrast to degrees of autonomy): Something that either exists completely or doesn't exist at all, with nothing in between (like a light switch that's either on or off, not dimmed).
Substantial autonomy(as a philosophical concept): Real, meaningful self-determination where someone genuinely makes their own choices, as opposed to just technically being allowed to choose.
self-determination(international law and sovereignty): An internationally recognized legal principle under which peoples (not only states) can advance a claim to ultimate authority in international law

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