Mozi proposes, therefore, jian ai, impartial caring i.e., a sense of broad, fair, and consistent moral interest for others’ wellbeing beyond one’s narrow confinement of personal relations and local networks. Generally, ai (愛) means love or care. In the context of Mozi’s philosophy, however, it means universal love, i.e., one’s unbiased and impartial interest for others’ wellbeing. It is love, concern, or care without affective partiality such as one’s strong feeling for one’s parents but lack of