For characteristics to constitute a single whole, they must share a common locus, but Dignāga's apoha theory entails that property-clusters are constructed through exclusion rather than discovered as unified natural kinds.

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Apoha theory(as the specific theory being explained): Dharmakirti's idea that words and thoughts work by excluding or ruling out what something is NOT, rather than by directly pointing to shared features of a group.
Dignāga(as the main philosopher being discussed): A Buddhist philosopher from around 480-540 CE who made major contributions to how we know things are true, particularly focusing on perception and reasoning.
Exclusion (in apoha theory)(How apoha theory constructs property-clusters): The process of defining something by ruling out what it isn't, rather than describing what it actually is.
Property-clusters(The building blocks of concepts according to apoha theory): Groups of characteristics or qualities that tend to appear together—for example, 'redness,' 'roundness,' and 'hardness' might cluster together to form what we call a 'ball.'

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