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    LoyalLoyalJusticeJustice
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    Frequency conflates descriptive popularity with normative... — Carmelics
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    Supports→The criterion of 'frequency' misunderstands how foundational moral frameworks function—Western deontology also derives from sparse originary sources like the categorical imperative.

    Frequency conflates descriptive popularity with normative validity. A moral principle needn't be widespread to be foundational—its systematicity and internal consistency matter more.

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    Key Terms

    Conflate(the criticism being made in the statement)
    To mistakenly treat two different things as if they were the same thing.
    Foundational(as the opposite of what cross-individual coordination is claimed to be)
    Serving as a basic starting point or fundamental building block from which other things are derived or built upon.
    Internal consistency(The second criterion Alston requires for judging whether a belief practice is valid)
    When different beliefs or claims don't contradict each other; they all fit together logically without conflicting.
    Systematicity(Judgment aggregation theory; a strengthening of independence requiring that the same aggregation rule apply uniformly to all propositions in the agenda)
    A condition on an aggregation function F such that for any two profiles of individual judgment sets and any two propositions p and q in the agenda, if every individual's acceptance of p in the first profile matches their acceptance of q in the second profile, then the collective judgment on p in the first profile matches the collective judgment on q in the second profile. That is, the collective outcome for a proposition depends only on the pattern of individual votes on that proposition, uniformly across all propositions.

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    descriptive(describing the other type of vocabulary being compared)
    Language or claims about how things *actually are* in reality—just the facts without judgments about whether they're good or bad.
    moral principle(Prichard's characterization, p. 4)
    A principle that specifies (a) a good thing which the action will produce and (b) a definite relation
    normative(in ethics and philosophy)
    Relating to how things should be or what people ought to do, rather than just describing how things actually are.

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