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    George Smith and William Harper argue that Newton's quam ... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→A motion is quam proxime governed purely by centripetal forces if and only if equal areas are quam proxime swept out in equal times

    George Smith and William Harper argue that Newton's quam proxime reasoning is methodologically asymmetric: deviations from equal areas measure force perturbations only under idealizing assumptions.

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    Key Terms

    Deviations from equal areas(as observable differences in planetary motion)
    Differences or variations from a predicted pattern in planetary motion (specifically Kepler's equal areas law, which describes how planets move).
    Force perturbations(as what the deviations might indicate)
    Unexpected disturbances or changes in the forces acting on an object—like how the gravity of one planet can slightly disturb another planet's orbit.
    George Smith and William Harper(as scholars being cited for their interpretation of Newton's work)
    Two contemporary philosophers of science who study how Isaac Newton developed his scientific methods and reasoning.
    Idealizing assumptions(as conditions needed for the reasoning to work)
    Simplifications scientists make for convenience (like pretending there's no air resistance, or that planets are perfect spheres) even though reality is more complicated.

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    Methodologically asymmetric(describing a property of Newton's reasoning method)
    A method that works differently depending on which direction you apply it—in this case, you can use one approach to detect problems but can't simply reverse it to solve them.
    Newton's quam proxime reasoning(as Newton's methodological strategy)
    Newton's approach to science where he made approximations and simplified assumptions to solve problems, rather than trying to account for every complicating factor at once. 'Quam proxime' is Latin for 'as nearly as possible.'

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