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    LoyalLoyalJusticeJustice
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    Grading culpability by deviation from due care presuppose... — Carmelics
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    Challenges→If negligent killings can be graded by degree of deviation from due care, as tort law and common moral practice confirm, then action-based obligations need not be overbroad but can be indexed to culpable risk-imposition.

    Grading culpability by deviation from due care presupposes a fixed standard of due care, yet this standard itself requires independent normative justification the claim doesn't provide.

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    Key Terms

    Culpability(in ethics and moral responsibility)
    The degree to which someone is responsible or deserves blame for something they did.
    Due care(as used in law and ethics)
    The reasonable amount of attention and caution that a person is expected to use in a situation to avoid harming others.
    Presupposes(as describing what Plantinga's argument takes for granted)
    Assumes something to be true without proving it—like how an argument might presuppose that logic works, without first arguing that logic is valid.
    Standard
    A standard is an established level of quality, safety, or performance that people agree to follow. It serves as a benchmark or reference point—like how a "standard" cup of coffee means roughly 8 ounces, or how building codes set standards for how strong a bridge must be. Standards help ensure consistency, fairness, and safety across different places and products.

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    independent justification(Epistemology of justification transmission)
    Justification that appears intuitively independent of the original justification for a proposition q; more precisely, transmitted justification for q that is additional and independent when three counterfactual conditions are met: the subject was already justified in believing q before acquiring the new evidence, remains justified during acquisition, and would have gained a first-time justification via transmission had no prior justification existed
    normative justification(as used in ethics and epistemology)
    A logical reason that explains why something *should* be valued or considered important, rather than just explaining where it came from.

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    If negligent killings can be graded by degree of deviation from due care, as tor...

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    If negligent killings can be graded by degree of deviation from due care, as tor...

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