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It is not the case that Grounding special egalitarian duties in national membership smuggles morally arbitrary facts into the foundation of justice.
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Reasons For
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Reason for
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1.
Arbitrary selection mechanisms can still generate legitimate duties: parenthood is unchosen but generates genuine special obligations to one's children.
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2.
National membership involves reciprocal participation in shared institutions; this voluntary association distinguishes it from mere birth facts.
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3.
Rejecting all nationality-based duties requires abandoning democratic self-governance, which depends on special obligations among co-citizens.
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Reasons Against
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Reason against
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1.
Birth location is morally arbitrary—people don't choose their nationality, so it cannot justify unequal distributive obligations.
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2.
If nationality grounds special duties, then similar arbitrary facts (race, class of birth) could equally justify discriminatory justice schemes.
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3.
Moral principles must apply universally; special duties based on accidents of birth violate the impartiality requirement of justice.
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