H.L.A. Hart and Tony Honoré argue in 'Causation in the Law' that voluntary intervening acts only break causal chains when they are truly independent of conditions created by the prior actor.
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Independent of conditions(as the requirement for breaking the chain)
Not caused by or dependent on the circumstances that the first person created; completely separate from what they did.
Prior actor(as the originator of the initial conditions)
The person who did something first, whose action started the chain of events being analyzed.
Tony Honoré(as a co-developer of responsibility frameworks)
A legal and moral philosopher who worked with Hart to develop theories about how we should assign blame and responsibility for harmful actions.
Voluntary intervening acts(as acts that may or may not break causal chains)
A deliberate, independent action taken by someone that happens after an earlier event—like if someone chooses to do something on their own without being forced.